Methodology

What is methodology?

A methodology is a systematic, organized approach or set of principles and procedures used to conduct a particular activity, process, or inquiry. It provides a structured framework for planning, executing, and evaluating tasks or projects. Methodologies are commonly used in various fields, including science, research, project management, software development, and more.

In essence, a methodology outlines the steps, techniques, tools, and guidelines to achieve specific goals or outcomes in a consistent and efficient manner. It serves as a roadmap or guide, helping individuals or teams navigate complex tasks or processes while maintaining a standardized and reproducible approach. The choice of methodology often depends on the nature of the task or project and the specific goals and constraints involved.

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General Penetration Testing Methodology

Penetration testing, often referred to as ethical hacking or security testing, is a cybersecurity practice where professionals simulate cyberattacks to identify and address vulnerabilities in a system.

The methodology for penetration testing typically follows a structured approach to ensure thorough coverage and effective results. Here is a simplified overview of the typical phases in penetration testing methodology:

1. Planning

   1. Define the scope of the penetration test, including systems and networks to be tested.

   2. Establish rules of engagement and communication protocols.

   3. Obtain necessary permissions and approvals.

2. Reconnaissance (Information Gathering)

   1. Gather information about the system. such as domain names, IP addresses, and network infrastructure.

   2. Identify potential entry points and vulnerabilities.

3. Enumeration

   1. Extract additional details about the target system, including user accounts, network shares, and system configurations.

   2. Identify potential weaknesses that could be exploited.

4. Vulnerability Analysis

   1. Assess and analyze the vulnerabilities discovered during the reconnaissance and enumeration phases.

   2. Prioritize vulnerabilities based on their potential impact.

5. Exploitation

   1. Attempt to exploit identified vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access or control over the target system.

   2. Simulate cyberattacks to understand the impact of successful exploitation.

6. Post-Exploitation

   1. Access the extent of access gained and determine potential on the target system.

   2. Document the steps taken during exploitation phase.

7. Reporting

   1. Compile a detailed report outlining the findings, including vulnerabilities discovered, the extent of compromise, and potential risks.

   2. Provide recommendations for remediation and improving security postures.

8. Cleanup

   1. Remove any tools or artifacts left behind during the testing to avoid unintended consequences.

   2. Ensure that the system is restored to its original state.

9. Documentation

   1. Document the entire penetration testing process, including methodologies, tools used, and results.

   2. Maintain records for future reference and analysis.

It's important to note that penetration testing methodologies can vary depending on the specific goals of the test, the type of system being tested, and the industry standards or regulations applicable to the organization. Additionally, ethical conduct and adherence to legal and ethical guidelines are paramount throughout the entire penetration testing process.

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Penetration Testing Methodology and Standards

There are various standards and methodologies that ensure the penetration test is authentic and covers all important aspects. Some of them are mentioned below:

1. OSSTMM

2. OWASP

3. NIST

4. PTES

5. ISSAF

What is OSSTMM?

OSSTMM is short for Open-Source Security Testing Methodology Manual. It is one of the most widely used and recognized standards of penetration testing. It’s based on a scientific approach to penetration testing that contains adaptable guides for testers. You can use this to conduct an accurate assessment.

What is OWASP?

OWASP stands for Open Web Application Security Project. Widely known, this penetration testing standard is developed and updated by a community keeping in trend with the latest threats. Apart from application vulnerabilities, this also accounts for logic errors in processes.

What is NIST?

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) offers very specific penetration testing methodology for penetration testers to help them improve the accuracy of the test. Both large and small companies, in various industries, can leverage this framework for a penetration test.

What is PTES?

PTES or Penetration Testing Execution Standards is a penetration testing methodology designed by a team of information security professionals. The goal of PTES is to create a comprehensive and up-to-date standard for penetration testing as well as to build awareness among businesses as to what to expect from penetration testing.

What is ISSAF?

The Information System Security Assessment Framework (ISSAF) is a penetration testing guide supported by the Open Information Systems Security Group. This is one of the security testing methodologies is not updated anymore, hence it is a bit out of data. Nevertheless, it is still in use for its comprehensive nature – it links different steps of the penetration testing process with relevant tools.

Source: Astra Pentest